Summary
A 64-year-old male required extraction of a dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) due to lead endocarditis. Blood cultures were positive for Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) demonstrated a 11.7 mm vegetation attached to the right ventricular (RV) lead (Fig. 1 and Video 1). No vegetation was identified on the right atrial (RA) lead. Device extraction took place using TOE guidance. It was uncomplicated, but at the end of the procedure a cast-like structure was seen in the right atrium thought to represent fibrous or infective debris which had been encasing one of the leads (Fig. 2 and Video 2). All lead insulation from the extracted leads was intact. Device lead endocarditis is an indication for complete removal of the pacemaker system and intra-procedural imaging such as TOE is strongly recommended during device extraction to assess for complications which may lead to haemodynamic instability (1). The presence of residual debris or ghosts in the RA or superior vena cava (SVC) following lead extraction has an incidence of 8–14% (2, 3), occurring more commonly with infected leads. There is no specific therapy when this is identified, but it has been associated with higher mortality (3). Its presence ought to be documented at the time of extraction.
Pre-extraction TOE, bi-caval view. A vegetation is seen attached to the RV lead as it enters from the SVC at the RA junction.
Citation: Echo Research and Practice 6, 3; 10.1530/ERP-19-0038
Pre-extraction TOE, bi-caval view. A vegetation is seen attached to the RV lead as it enters from the SVC at the RA junction.
Citation: Echo Research and Practice 6, 3; 10.1530/ERP-19-0038
Pre-extraction TOE, bi-caval view. A vegetation is seen attached to the RV lead as it enters from the SVC at the RA junction.
Citation: Echo Research and Practice 6, 3; 10.1530/ERP-19-0038
Post-extraction TOE 5-chamber view. The echo-free space represents the now extracted lead, leaving behind this fibrous cast in the RA.
Citation: Echo Research and Practice 6, 3; 10.1530/ERP-19-0038
Post-extraction TOE 5-chamber view. The echo-free space represents the now extracted lead, leaving behind this fibrous cast in the RA.
Citation: Echo Research and Practice 6, 3; 10.1530/ERP-19-0038
Post-extraction TOE 5-chamber view. The echo-free space represents the now extracted lead, leaving behind this fibrous cast in the RA.
Citation: Echo Research and Practice 6, 3; 10.1530/ERP-19-0038
Pre-extraction TOE bi-caval view. The mobile vegetation is demonstrated attached to the RV lead. No vegetations were seen on the RA lead. View Video 1 at http://movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/video/10.1530/ERP-19-0038/video-1.
Download Video 1
Post-extraction TOE 5-chamber view. Following removal of the RV lead, a filamentous mobile structure was seen in the RA. View Video 2 at http://movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/video/10.1530/ERP-19-0038/video-2.
Download Video 2
Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this article.
Funding
This work did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.
Patient consent
Written informed consent for publication of clinical details and clinical images was obtained from the patient.
References
- 1↑
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Wilkoff BL, Berul CI, Birgersdotter-Green UM, Carrillo R, Cha YM, Clancy J, Deharo JC, Ellenbogen KA, et al.2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extraction. Heart Rhythm 2017 e503–e551. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.001)
- 2↑
Le Dolley Y, Thuny F, Mancini J, Casalta JP, Riberi A, Gouriet F, Bastard E, Ansaldi S, Franceschi F, Renard S, et al. Diagnosis of cardiac device-related infective endocarditis after device removal. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 2010 673–681. (doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.12.016)
- 3↑
Narducci ML, Di Monaco A, Pelargonio G, Leoncini E, Boccia S, Mollo R, Perna F, Bencardino G, Pennestri F, Scoppettuolo G, et al.Presence of ‘ghosts’ and mortality after transvenous lead extraction. Europace 2017 432–440. (https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw045)
